Conrad Fischer Ethics Pdf 45
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At the turn of the twentieth century, the relation between philosophyand psychology was a topic of intense debate in various academiccircles. Among other issues, this debate concerned whether psychologyshould be understood as a philosophical discipline or, the other wayaround, whether philosophy should be grounded in psychology. Ofparticular importance to this debate is whether ethical, metaphysicaland logical concepts are psychological or not. Since these conceptsare usually held to be constitutive of the corresponding laws ofethics, metaphysics, and logic, claiming that these concepts arepsychological would imply that the nature of such laws ispsychological and, thus, that their investigation is a task thatshould be assigned to psychology. To give an example, according tological psychologism (Mohanty 1982: §2; Kusch 2007 [2011]), thelaw of the excluded middle is about the psychological impossibility ofa subject judging that p and that non-p at the same time.On this interpretation, this law is psychological in nature and itsinvestigation should be pursued by psychology. Psychologism was notuncontested, as we will see: although the anti-psychologist campencompassed different views as to how logical, ethical, andmetaphysical concepts have to be positively defined, these views allagreed on the negative insight that logic, ethics, and metaphysics donot depend on psychology.
Nietzsche is adamant that the works of Aeschylus and Sophocles represent the apex of artistic creation, the true realisation of tragedy; it is with Euripides, that tragedy begins its Untergang (literally 'going under' or 'downward-way;' meaning decline, deterioration, downfall, death, etc.). Nietzsche objects to Euripides' use of Socratic rationalism and morality in his tragedies, claiming that the infusion of ethics and reason robs tragedy of its foundation, namely the fragile balance of the Dionysian and Apollonian. Socrates emphasised reason to such a degree that he diffused the value of myth and suffering to human knowledge. Plato continued along this path in his dialogues, and the modern world eventually inherited reason at the expense of artistic impulses found in the Apollonian and Dionysian dichotomy. He notes that without the Apollonian, the Dionysian lacks the form and structure to make a coherent piece of art, and without the Dionysian, the Apollonian lacks the necessary vitality and passion. Only the fertile interplay of these two forces brought together as an art represented the best of Greek tragedy.[133]
A decade after World War II, there was a revival of Nietzsche's philosophical writings thanks to translations and analyses by Walter Kaufmann and R.J. Hollingdale. Georges Bataille was also influential in this revival, defending Nietzsche against appropriation by the Nazis with his notable 1937 essay "Nietzsche and Fascists".[313] Others, well known philosophers in their own right, wrote commentaries on Nietzsche's philosophy, including Martin Heidegger, who produced a four-volume study, and Lev Shestov, who wrote a book called Dostoyevski, Tolstoy and Nietzsche where he portrays Nietzsche and Dostoyevski as the "thinkers of tragedy".[314] Georg Simmel compares Nietzsche's importance to ethics to that of Copernicus for cosmology.[315] Sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies read Nietzsche avidly from his early life, and later frequently discussed many of his concepts in his own works. Nietzsche has influenced philosophers such as Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre,[316] Oswald Spengler,[317] George Grant,[318] Emil Cioran,[319] Albert Camus, Ayn Rand,[320] Jacques Derrida,[321] Sarah Kofman,[322] Leo Strauss,[323] Max Scheler, Michel Foucault,[324] Bernard Williams,[325] and Nick Land.[326]
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne, Germany. Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. 2b1af7f3a8